Blooming Algae in Lake Toba

Lake Toba has an important role for the people of North Sumatra province, especially in the seven districts, namely: North Tapanuli, Toba Samosir, Humbang Hasundutan, Naidoo, Simalungun, Karo and Dairi. Lake Toba utilized to meet the needs of drinking water, livelihoods, fish farming, the tourist industry and drive turbines that generate electricity through hydropower shavings. Data from 2007 Toba Samosir record of 4,770 households, 45% engage in fishing in Lake Toba and 55% do fish farming.While the 2006 data Samosir record of 1690 households, amounting to 80% of fishing on Lake Toba and 20% do fish farming. Data Average - Average foreign and local tourists in the period 1998 - 2006 in Samosir and Toba Samosir each - each is 6490 and 17 445. The electric power generated by 935 MW Asahan hydropower and is targeted to reach 1,426 MW by 2013. The availability of electricity in large quantities will boost economic growth and improve the welfare of communities around Lake Toba.
Utilization in various acts that directly or indirectly in contact with the Lake Toba has caused problems of damage to the ecosystem of the lake. The increase in the number of residents around Lake Toba and Watershed to Lake Toba cause critical land in the catchment and lake water pollution due to sewage. In 2011, critical land in the catchment area of Lake Toba reached 165 835 ha (63.8%) of the total 259 954 in the form of land. This number increased by 90% from 2008, which reached 87 303 ha.
Settlements, fish farming activities through floating net cages and the tourist industry is concentrated in the catchment area and around the waters of Lake Toba add to the problem of damage the ecosystem of Lake Toba. Household waste residents in the catchment area are discharged into rivers - rivers that drain the water into Lake Toba caused the waste settles on the lake. Residents who use detergent containing phosphates and thrown into a river or lake can lead to death of fish at high konstenrasi.At low concentrations of phosphate may stop the growth of fish eggs. Phosphate also can remind the population of algae that have an impact on the decrease in oxygen levels in the water. Phosphate released into Lake Toba potential to increase in line with population growth (Forsberg, 1998).

Fish culture using floating net cages uncontrolled waste resulting fish feed contains high levels of nitrogen and phosphate amount exceeds the natural ability of water to extract the nutrients that can cause algae bloom phenomenon. Excessive amounts of nutrients in water bodies causing rapid petumbuhan aquatic plants and cover the surface of the lake water. The impact is lake water becomes murky and block sunlight coming waters. If this is accompanied by decaying plant high water, there will be a sedimentation process is the cause of the shallowing waters.
The worst possibility of damage to the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Toba is the occurrence of eutrophication. Eutrophication is the process of water pollution due to excess nutrients leach into the water. The impact of eutrophication is a population explosion of algae, deoxygenation, dead fish, water quality degradation and siltation of waterways. The phenomenon of mass death of carp that occurred in November 2004 in the waters of Lake Toba Haranggaol found that oxygen solubility values are at a very low level of 1.95 mg / l which shows the very limited availability of oxygen (Ternala, 2007). Similar results were also found in the waters of Parapat, Simanindo and Balige that are close to population and location of floating net cage fish farming. This shows the water quality of Lake Toba is at a low level. The number of fish species in Lake Toba is also not a lot, which is 14 plus species of endemic fish species that have been classified as endangered by the IUCN, namely, fish or batak fish.
Siltation also occurs in Tano Ponggol canal that separates the mainland and the island of Samosir. As a result, the canal was now passable only small vessels, namely the canoe. Local government efforts to dredge the lake did not show significant results.The existence of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) covering the surface of the water of Lake Toba potentially lead to deoxygenation or decrease the amount of dissolved oxygen affecting the decline in fish populations. It occurs when the water hyacinth that the process of decomposition by bacteria and fungi. The more the water hyacinth dies, decomposers will be more and more oxygen is needed.
Consuming fish has become the paradigm of a healthy lifestyle that is growing worldwide. This is also supported by various studies conducted in various parts of the world that the fish had a significant impact for health than red meat. Then what happens is the development of industry and business to provide much - much fish in restaurants and homes - home dining. Catching a large - scale and results-oriented farming by not considering the impact of damage to aquatic ecosystems is a phenomenon to meet growing demand. Unwittingly, these actions will destroy the water purification systems around the world.
When the fish breathe dissolved in water waste will be filtered in the gills and accumulate in the fatty tissue of meat. This is the reason why the mentioned fish plays an important role in the purification of water by absorbing all the contamination into the meat. But water pollution conducted continuously - consistently high levels of lead substances - toxic and carcinogenic chemicals that accumulate in the flesh of the fish into the hundreds of thousands of times greater than that contained in the water.Certainly not the right choice of eating fish are nutritious but turned out to contain toxins that adversely affect the body. Especially encouraging children and grandchildren to eat fish is certainly not a wise counsel.
Lake Toba is one of the natural richness of Indonesia as the largest volcanic lake in Southeast Asia. Lake Toba is also included in the 1% contributor of fresh water worldwide. Impact damage to the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Toba cause problems not only in the region but also globally. Efforts to preserve the ecosystem of Lake Toba from damage would be able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. And the damage is not controlled it will exacerbate the damage to the earth today.
In efforts to address damage the ecosystem of Lake Toba are supposed to do the rehabilitation and conservation of natural resources with sustainable infrastructure development around the population. The development of infrastructure must be able to stop the habits of the population dispose of waste into the river - a river that flows into Lake Toba. For example, residents who dispose of household waste such as sewage and water the rest of the bathroom soaking detergent caused the inability to provideseptic tank to hold dirt and showers for bathing or washing. Program - a program that touches directly the issue of the population will be impacted and expenditures incurred on target.
The local government has an important role as the initiator encourage the emergence of innovation - innovation in the development of environmentally friendly fish feed and carry out control measures dititik - fish breeding point by operating standards and indicators that are measured regularly and precisely. For example, by measuring the amount of feed that is spent on a group of fish populations and the quality of fish feed used. The comparison between the amount of feed and fish populations need to be measured, thereby reducing the amount of feed that is not consumed by the fish. The protein content in the feed consumed fish is only 30% - 40% in the flesh. The rest is disposed of in the form of feces. Increasing the proportion of protein absorbed by minimizing wasted protein can reduce the quantity of waste fish feed.
To reduce algae blooming phenomenon can also be done by adding a predator predatory phytoplankton and algae into the waters of Lake Toba known as bio - cleaning agent. Some research suggests an effective way to control water pollution.Fish Nilem (Osteochilus hasselti) and Tawes (Puntius javanicus) can be used as an alternative to cope with the blooming of phytoplankton (Syandri, 2004). Fish Mola(Hypophtalmichthys Molitrix) able to utilize 72% of phytoplankton found in waters as food (Danakusumah, 1999). In addition to cleaning the polluted waters, fish Mola also has a protein content is good for consumption. The milkfish (Chanos Forskal) were the main herbivorous fish with foods such as plankton and moss-lumutan (Wijayanta, 2008). Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as plankton and various plants that can be utilized as a water weed (Susanto, 1987).


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