C H R I S T I N E

Niche (nische) was first proposed by Joseph Grinnell in 1917. According Grinner, niches are part of a habitat called microhabitat. With views like this, Grinnell said that every niche occupied by just one species. The views expressed by Grinnell niche is called the habitat niches. For example, if we say habitat niches of scorpions, then we will explain the scorpion microhabitat. Thus we must explain to the temperature and humidity how scorpion lives, whether he is resistant to light or not, whether he lives in the soil in the hole, or in a tree, and so forth. After Grinnell, Charles Elton (1927) separately stated that the niche is a function or role of the species in the community. The purpose of this role is the function and position of a species in the community in relation to the events eat eating and patterns of interaction to another. This is called niche trophic. For example, if we declare recesses trophic of frogs as rice, then we have to explain that the frogs eat and be ea...

Ecthoterm animal Ecthoterm animals are animals that are very dependent on the temperature in the external environment to increase its body temperature due to the heat generated from  whole thesystem of metabolism only slightly. Ecthoterm animals, namely all kinds of animals except aves and mammals, a group of animals whose body heat depending on the heat from the outside of the body, namely the environment. Power is owned by his set is very limited and its body temperature varies with the temperature of the environment. This causes poikilotherm animals have a low tolerance range, in the sense that this animal narrow niche subject. When the ambient temperature is high, beyond the tolerance limit, ecthoterm animals will die while when the ambient temperature is lower than the optimum temperature, activity was low and the animal becomes very slow, making it easy for predators to catch. Power set in animals ecthoterm and not of physiological adaptation but rather in the form of ...

Organisms regulate body temperature by manipulating heat gain and loss. An equation, used by K. Schmidt-Nielsen (1983), can help us undertand the components of heat that may be manipulated: H s = H m + H cd + H cv + H r - H e Here H s , the total heat stored in the body of an organism, is made up of H m , heat gained from metabolism; H cd , heat gained or lost through conduction; H cv , heat lost or gained by convection; H r , heat gained or lost through electromagnetic radiation; and H c , heat lost through evaporation. These heat components represent ways that heat is transferred between an organism and its environment. Metabolic heat , H m is the energy released within an organim during the process of celular respiration. Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects in direct physical contact, as occurs when you sit on a stone bench on a cold winter’s day; convection is the process of heat flow between a solid body and a moving fluid, such as between you and wind ...

Lake Toba has an important role for the people of North Sumatra province, especially in the seven districts, namely: North Tapanuli, Toba Samosir, Humbang Hasundutan, Naidoo, Simalungun, Karo and Dairi. Lake Toba utilized to meet the needs of drinking water, livelihoods, fish farming, the tourist industry and drive turbines that generate electricity through hydropower shavings. Data from 2007 Toba Samosir record of 4,770 households, 45% engage in fishing in Lake Toba and 55% do fish farming.While the 2006 data Samosir record of 1690 households, amounting to 80% of fishing on Lake Toba and 20% do fish farming. Data Average - Average foreign and local tourists in the period 1998 - 2006 in Samosir and Toba Samosir each - each is 6490 and 17 445. The electric power generated by 935 MW Asahan hydropower and is targeted to reach 1,426 MW by 2013. The availability of electricity in large quantities will boost economic growth and improve the welfare of communities around L...

Microbes appear to have adapted to all temperatures at which there is liquid water, from the frigid waters around the Antartic to building hot springs. However, while each of these environments harbors one or more species of microbes, no known species thrives in all these condition. All microbes that have been studied, like the plants and animals discussed in this section, perform best over a fairly narrow range of temperatures. Let’s look at two microbes that libe in environments at opposite, extremes of the aquatic temperature spectrum.  (Moles, 2005) The organisms that live in the deep oceans live in darkness. Their environment is also cold, generally below 5 ºC. This cold water environment extends to the surface in the Arctic and Antartic. A wide variety of organisms live in these cold waters. Richard Morita (1975) studied the effect of temperature on population growth among cold-loving or psychrophilic , marine bacteria that live in waters around Antartica. He isolated an...