C H R I S T I N E

In Indonesia, environmental pollution is defined by Act No. 4 of 1982 on the Basic Provisions for the Management of the Living Environment (henceforth referred to as Act No. 4) as: the entry or introduction of living organisms, matters, energy, and/or necessary components into the environment, and/or changes in the environmental system due to man's activities or natural processes, resulting in the decline of the environmental quality to such a level which causes the environment to function insufficiently or to lose its proper function. In the narrow sense, environmental pollution is a criminal act regulated in articles 202 and 203 of the Penal Law, and further in article 22 of Act No. 4/1982, and widely associated with the violation of the rights of the individual to a good and healthy living environment (article 5 of Act No. 4/1982). In this connection, rights can be classified into five different, yet inter-related, levels (Canada 1985, pp. 8-10). First is the right ...

l  Dispersal and Distribution The movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density, called dispersal, contributers to the global distribution of organisms. The dispersal of organisms is critical to understanding both geographic isolation in evolution and the broad patterns of current geographic distribution of species. - Natural Range Expansions The importance of dispersal is most evident when organisms reach an area where they did not exist previously. - Species Transplants To determine if dispersal is a key factor limiting the distribution of a species, ecologists may observe the results of intentional or accidental transplants of the species to areas where it was previously absent. For a transplant to be considered successful, some of the organisms must not only survive in the new area but also reproduce there. If a transplant is successful, then we can conclude that the potential range of the species is larger than...